The term supranational union, as of now, exclusively applies to the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 governance system. The term supranationalism Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent as a democractic system of governance refers legally only to democratic systems introducing the concept of supranationalism Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent in their treaty systems. It was brought into first realization by the European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. The ECSC was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism. This is enshrined in the Europe Declaration made on 18 April 1951, the same day as the European Founding Fathers The following list of national founders is a record, by country, of people who were credited with establishing their nation. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, , of the country signed the Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris, signed on 18 April 1951 between France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union. The treaty came into force on 23 July 1952 and expired on 23 July 2002, exactly fifty years after it came into effect.^[1] This declared that they were hereby creating the first supranational institution in history and that the supranational principle would shape the true foundation of an organized Europe. This Europe was open to all nations who were free to decide—a reference, or rather an invitation and encouragement of liberty to the Iron Curtain The concept of the Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances: countries. The term supranationalism Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent occurs twice in the Treaty of Paris. It defines the relationship between the High Authority The High Authority was the executive branch of the former European Coal and Steel Community . It was created in 1951 and disbanded in 1967 when it was merged into the European Commission or European Commission The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union and the other four institutions. The term supranational Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent does not occur in succeeding treatings such as the Treaties of Rome The Treaties of Rome are two of the treaties of the European Union signed on 25 March 1957. Both treaties were signed by The Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, the Maastricht Treaty The Maastricht Treaty was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, the Netherlands. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty. Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission, it created the European Union and led to the creation of, the Treaty of Nice The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. It amended the Maastricht Treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing the European Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand or the Constitutional Treaty The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , (commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty), was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU). It would have replaced the existing European Union treaties with a single text, given legal force or the very similar Lisbon Treaty The Treaty of Lisbon is a treaty that was signed by the European Union (EU) member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957). In this process, the TEC was renamed to Treaty on the.

The European Union is a mixed system of suprantionalism Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent and intergovernmentalism The theory is not applied on European integration which rejects the idea of neofunctionalism. The theory, initially proposed by Stanley Hoffmann suggests that national governments control the level and speed of European integration. Any increase in power at supranational level, he argues, results from a direct decision by governments. He believed. The concept of supranational union is sometimes used to describe the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5, as a new type of political entity A polity is a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, prefecture, county, municipality, city, or district. It is generally understood to mean a geographic area with a corresponding government. Thomas Hobbes considered bodies politic in this sense, in Leviathan. In previous centuries, body politic was also understood.^[2] In reality it is a mixture in which the supranational Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent element is being diluted by governments or political parties acting through the instruments of government.

A full supranational Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent union allows a much broader and deeper activity for non-political citizens and technical and regional associations to be actively involved. Because they are individually agreed to by democratic consent, each supranational union or Community In biological terms, a community is a group of interacting species sharing an environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness relates to specific sectors such as the European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. The ECSC was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism, Customs Union A customs union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff. The participant countries set up common external trade policy, but in some cases they use different import quotas. Common competition policy is also helpful to avoid competition deficiency or the European Economic Community The European Economic Community (also referred to as simply the European Community, or the Common Market in the English-speaking world) was an international organization that existed between 1957 and 1993 which was created to bring about economic integration (including a single market) between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the a nuclear non-poliferation Community, Euratom The European Atomic Energy Community is an international organisation which is legally distinct from the European Union (EU), but has the same membership, and is governed by the EU's institutions or other Communities which did not see or have not yet seen the light of day such as a European Transport Community, a European Defence Community The European Defence Community was a plan proposed in 1950 by René Pleven, the French President of the Council (name of Prime Ministers until 1958), in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. The intention was to form a pan-European defense force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness or a supranational European Energy Community The Treaty establishing the Energy Community was signed in Athens, Greece on 25 October 2005 and entered into force on 1 July 2006. A broader supranational union would be provided for in a European Political Community The European Political Community was proposed in 1952 as a combination of the existing European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the proposed European Defence Community (EDC). The European Political Community must not be mistaken with European Political Cooperation (1970-1993).

Distinguishing features of a supranational union

A supranational union is a supranational polity A polity is a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, prefecture, county, municipality, city, or district. It is generally understood to mean a geographic area with a corresponding government. Thomas Hobbes considered bodies politic in this sense, in Leviathan. In previous centuries, body politic was also understood which lies somewhere between a confederation A confederation is an association of sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without constituting a new state on top of the member states. Under international law a confederation respects the sovereignty of its members that is an association of States and a federation A federation , also known as a federal state,EKAS.gee is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral that is a state.^[2] The European Economic Community was described by its founder Robert Schuman Robert Schuman was a noted French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of as midway between confederalism which recognizes the complete independence of States in an association and federalism Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces) which seeks to fuse them in a super-state.^[3] The EU has supranational competences, but it possesses these competences only to the extent that they are conferred on it by its member states.^[2] {Komptenz-Komptenz} Within the scope of these competences, the union exercises its powers in a sovereign Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and questioned throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day, manner, having its own legislative A legislature is a type of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings. In parliamentary systems of government,, executive On the study of political science the executive branch of government has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers, and judicial The judiciary is the system of courts which interprets and applies the law in the name of the sovereign or state. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the authorities.^[2] The supranational Community also has a chamber for organized civil society including economic and social associations and regional bodies.^[4]

A supranational union, because it is an agreement between sovereign States, is based on international treaties. Thus in legal terms both the Constitutional Treaty The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , (commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty), was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU). It would have replaced the existing European Union treaties with a single text, given legal force or the nearly identical Lisbon Treaty The Treaty of Lisbon is a treaty that was signed by the European Union (EU) member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957). In this process, the TEC was renamed to Treaty on the are treaties, not constitutions. The European treaties in general are different from classical treaties as they are constitutionalizing treaties, that is they provide the basis for a European level of democracy and European rule of law. They have something in the nature of a constitution A constitution is a set of laws that a set of people have made and agreed upon for government—often codified as a written document—that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. In the case of countries and autonomous regions of federal countries the and like the British constitution The UK has no single constitutional document comparable to those of most other nations. It is therefore often said that the country has an "unwritten", uncodified, or de facto constitution. However, the word "unwritten" is something of a misnomer as the majority of the British constitution does exist in the written form of, not necessarily a single document. They are based on treaties A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc. Regardless of the terminology, all of these international agreements under international law are between its member governments but have normally to undergo a closer democratic scrutiny than other treaties because they are more far-ranging, affecting many areas of citizens' lives and livelihoods. This is why citizens often demand referendums A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of direct democracy. The measure put to a vote is.

Decision-making is partly intergovernmental The theory is not applied on European integration which rejects the idea of neofunctionalism. The theory, initially proposed by Stanley Hoffmann suggests that national governments control the level and speed of European integration. Any increase in power at supranational level, he argues, results from a direct decision by governments. He believed and partly supranational Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The authority, subject to supranational democratic institutions and with a legal procedure can therefore institute a supranational rule of law above the constituent within the Community areas. The latter provides a higher degree of institutional scrutiny both via the Parliament and through the Consultative Committees. Intergovernmentalism provides for less democratic oversight, especially where the institution such as the Council of Ministers The Council of the European Union is the principal decision-making institution of the European Union (EU). It is also called Consilium as a Latin-language compromise or the European Council The European Council is the institution of the European Union responsible for defining the general political direction and priorities of the Union. It comprises the heads of state or government of EU member states, along with its President and the President of the Commission. The High Representative takes part in its meetings, which are chaired by takes place behind closed doors, rather than in a parliamentary chamber.

The union has legal supremacy The Supremacy of European Union law is a principle of by which the laws of European Union member states that conflict with laws of the European Union must be ignored by national courts so that the European Union law can take effect. The legal doctrine emerged from the European Court of Justice through a number of decisions over its member states (only) to the extent that its member state governments have conferred competences on the union. It is up to the individual governments to assure that they have full democratic backing in each of the member states. The citizens of the member states, though retaining their nationality and national citizenship, additionally become citizens of the union.^[2]

The European Union, the only clear example of a supranational union, has a parliament with legislative oversight, elected by its citizens.^[2] It is not yet elected according to the principles in the founding supranational Treaty of Paris or those of the Treaty of Rome.

To this extent, a supranational union like the European Union has characteristics that are not entirely dissimilar to the characteristics of a federal state like the United States of America. However, the differences in scale become apparent if one compares the United States federal budget with the budget of the European Union (which amounts only to about one percent of combined GDP) or the size of the federal civil service of the United States with the Civil Service of the European Union.^[5]

Comparisons EU and USA

In the upcoming Lisbon Treaty the distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the European union is redistributed in 3 categories. In 19th century USA, it had exclusive competences only(changed somewhat since then, but the basic design remain to this day). Competences not explicitly listed belong to lower levels of governance.

"Democratic deficit"

In a supranational union, the problem of how to reconcile the principle of equality among nation states, which applies to international (intergovernmental) organizations, and the principle of equality among citizens, which applies within nation states^[7] is resolved by taking a sectoal approach. This allows an innovatory, democratic broadening the number of actors to be included. These are present not only in the classical Parliament which has slightly different functions but also in the Consultative Committees such as the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions which the treaties give powers equivalent to parliaments in their own areas but which are at present still developing their potential. In the European Union, the Lisbon Treaty mixes two principles (classical parliamentary government with a politically elected government) and a supranational community with a totally independent European Commission.^[8] Governments are also trying to treat the Lisbon Treaty as a simple classical treaty, or even an amendment to one, which does not require a full measure of citizens' support and formal approval. The proposed Lisbon Treaty and the earlier Constitutional draft still retain in the European Union elements of a supranational union, as distinct from a federal state on the lines of the United States of America.^[7] But this is at the expense of the democratic potentialities of a full supranational union as conceived in the first Community.

Examples

The only union generally recognized as having achieved the status of a supranational union is the European Union.^[9]

There are a number of other regional organisations that, while not supranational unions, have adopted or intend to adopt policies that may lead to a similar sort of integration in some respects.

• African Union (AU)
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Central American Integration System (SICA)
• Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG)
• Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)
• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
• Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
• Union State

Other organisations that have also discussed greater integration include:

• Arab League into an "Arab Union"
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into the "North American Union"
• Pacific Islands Forum into the "Pacific Union"

References

1. ^ Der Schuman Plan. Vertrag ueber die Gruendung der europaeischen Gemeinschaft fuer Kohl und Stahl, p21 Ulrich Sahm mit einem Vorwort von Walter Hallstein. Frankfurt 1951. Schuman or Monnet? The real Architect of Europe. Robert Schuman's speeches and texts on the origin, purpose and future of Europe p 129. Bron 2004
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 21–26. ISBN 9789290794936.
3. ^ La Communaute du Charbon et de l'Acier p 7 Paul Reuter, preface by Robert Schuman. Paris 1953
4. ^ http://www.schuman.info/supra5.htm/ The institutions of a supranational Community
5. ^ Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9789290794936.
6. ^ Lowi, T. The End of the Republican Era (ISBN 0-8061-2887-9), University of Oklahoma Press, 1995-2006. p. 6.
7. ^ ^{a b} Pernice, Ingolf; Katharina Pistor (2004). "Institutional settlements for an enlarged European Union". in George A. Bermann and Katharina Pistor. Law and governance in an enlarged European Union: essays in European law. Hart Publishing. pp. 3–38. ISBN 9781841134260.
8. ^ http:www.Schuman.info/ComHonest.htm/ Should the Commission be elected politically or be independent?
9. ^ Bauböck, Rainer (2007). "Why European Citizenship? Normative Approaches to Supranational Union". Theoretical Inquiries in Law (Berkeley Electronic Press) 8 (2, Article 5). doi:10.2202/1565-3404.1157. ISSN 1565-3404. http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol8/iss2/art5. Retrieved 2009-08-01. "A normative theory of supranational citizenship will necessarily be informed by the EU as the only present case and will be addressed to the EU in most of its prescriptions".

External links

"Towards Unity". http://www.towardsunity.org/. Retrieved 5 July 2009. "Robert Schuman and supranational union of Europe". http://www.schuman.info/. Retrieved 15 November 2009.

Categories: Supranational unions | Federalism

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